Agilent Technologies 22A manuals

Owner’s manuals and user’s guides for Measuring, testing & control Agilent Technologies 22A.
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Table of contents

Spectrum Analysis Basics

1

Table of Contents

2

— continued

3

Chapter 1

4

Introduction

4

What is a spectrum?

5

Why measure spectra?

6

Types of measurements

8

Types of signal analyzers

8

Chapter 2

10

Spectrum Analyzer

10

Fundamentals

10

Accuracy.”

11

RF attenuator

12

Tuning the analyzer

12

IF gain

16

Resolving signals

16

H(4000) = –10(4) log

18

Residual FM

19

Phase noise

20

Sweep time

22

Digital resolution filters

23

Envelope detector

24

Displays

25

Detector types

26

Positive peak

27

Negative peak

27

One bucket

27

(positive) detection

28

Peak (positive) detection

29

Negative peak detection

29

Normal detection

29

1Buckets 2 3 4 5678910

31

Average detection

32

Averaging processes

33

Video filtering

34

Trace Averaging

36

Time gating

38

RF signal

40

Gate signal

40

Gated FFT

42

Gated video

42

Gated sweep

43

Chapter 3

44

Digital IF Overview

44

The all-digital IF

45

Custom signal processing IC

47

Frequency counting

47

Chapter 4

49

Amplitude and

49

Frequency Accuracy

49

Frequency response

51

Relative uncertainty

52

Absolute amplitude accuracy

52

Improving overall uncertainty

53

The digital IF section

54

Examples

55

Frequency accuracy

56

Chapter 5

58

Sensitivity and Noise

58

Noise figure

61

Preamplifiers

62

Spectrum analyzer

63

–10 –5 0 +5 +10

64

Noise as a signal

65

1% (±0.044 dB)

67

Dynamic Range

70

Chapter 6

70

Attenuator test

74

2nd order

78

Gain compression

80

Chapter 7

83

Extending the

83

Frequency Range

83

Image frequencies

86

4.7 4.9 5.1 5.3

88

Preselector

90

Amplitude calibration

91

Improved dynamic range

92

External harmonic mixing

96

Signal identification

98

Figure 7-17a. 14

100

Chapter 8

102

Modern Spectrum Analyzers

102

Figure 8-1. CCDF measurement

103

Digital modulation analysis

105

Saving and printing data

106

Firmware updates

108

Glossary of Terms

110

Agilent Email Updates

120





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